|
Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project (MTARP)
Participants
Each of the families in the project adopted a child in the late 1970s or early 1980s. Families and birthmothers were first interviewed between 1987 and 1992 and again between 1996 and 2000. Grotevant and colleagues at the Minnesota site have followed the adopted children and their adoptive parents (e.g., Grotevant, Ross, Marchel, & McRoy, 1999; Dunbar & Grotevant, 2004); McRoy and colleagues at the University of Texas at Austin have followed the children’s birthmothers (e.g., Christian, et al., 1997; Fravel, et al., 2000). Adoptive families and birthmothers were recruited for the study through 35 adoption agencies located across the United States.
Wave 1: 1986 – 1992
Families where there was at least one adopted child (the "target child") between the ages of 4 and 12 at the time of the interview, who was adopted through an agency before his or her first birthday, and in which both adoptive parents were married to the partner they had at the time of the adoption were selected for the study. Transracial, international, or "special needs" adoptees were not included. Participants in the study were located in 23 different states from all regions of the U.S., making this study the only nationwide one of its kind.
-
At Wave 1, the study’s participants included 720 individuals:
-
Both parents in 190 adoptive families,
-
At least one adopted child in 171 of the families, and
-
169 birthmothers
-
The vast majority of adoptive parents were Caucasian, Protestant and middle to upper-middle class.
-
Of the 190 adoptive couples interviewed, 177 identified themselves as Caucasian, 3 as Latino, 1 as African American, and 1 as Latino and Caucasian. Eight couples gave no indication of their race but were identified by interviewers as Caucasian.
-
These couples reflect the population of families who are typically involved in formally adopting unrelated children, and birthmothers who tend to place their children for adoption.
-
Virtually all adoptive parents in the study had adopted because of infertility. The average level of education was 16.2 years for adoptive fathers and 15.1 for adoptive mothers. Adoptive fathers ranged in age from 32 to 53 (mean = 40.7) and adoptive mothers from 31 to 50 (mean = 39.1).
-
The birthmothers ranged in age from 14 to 36 years (mean = 19.1). Almost 2/3 of the birthmothers delivered when they were teenagers.
-
At the time of the study, the birthmothers ranged in age from 21 - 43 (mean = 27.1), and the average number of years of education attained was 13.5. Income ranged from 0 to $50,000+; the modal income range was between $20,000 - 29,000. In terms of ethnicity, 157 (92.9%) were Caucasian, 4 (2.4%) were Latino, 2 (1.2%) were Native American, 1 each were African American and Asian American, and 4 did not list their ethnicity. Half of the birthmothers were currently married, and they had from 1 - 5 children.
Wave 2: 1996 - 2001
At Wave 2, participants included the parents and target adopted adolescent from 177 adoptive families: 173 adoptive mothers, 162 adoptive fathers, and 156 adopted adolescents (75 boys and 81 girls). At Wave 2, data are also available on 88 siblings and 127 birthmothers.
For more detailed information on the MTARP participants, check out the MTARP Participants link on the right side of this page.
Procedures
Wave 1:
Adoptive families were interviewed in their homes in one session that lasted 3 - 4 hours. The session included separate interviews with each parent and with the target adopted child; administration of several questionnaires; and a joint couples interview with the adoptive parents. Birthmothers were interviewed in their home, at the agency, or by telephone. They also completed several questionnaires. Details about measures are provided below.
Wave 2:
At Wave 2, adoptive families were once again seen in their homes during a single session that typically lasted 4 – 5 hours. The session included individual interviews with each parent and the target adopted child, administration of several questionnaires, and administration of a family interaction task. Some family members were interviewed by telephone when it was impossible to gather everyone together for the home visit (e.g., living out of the U.S., adolescent away at college, etc.)
Measures
See MTARP Procedures & Measures for a detailed description of each measure and the coding process.
Wave 1: Adoptive Parent Measures:
-
Demographic questionnaire
-
Adoptive Parent Interview
-
Child Adaptive Behavior Inventory (CABI: Miller, 1987)
-
Kirk Adoption Questionnaire (Kirk, 1981)
-
Parenting Stress Index (PSI: Abidin, 1986)
-
Twenty Statements Test (TST: Kuhn & McPartland, 1954)
Wave 1: Adopted Child Measures:
-
Child Interview
-
Understanding of Adoption Scale (Brodzinsky, Singer, & Braff, 1984)
-
Self-Perception Scale for Children (Harter, 1985)
-
Twenty Statements Test (see above)
Wave 1: Birthmother Measures
-
Demographic Questionnaire
-
Birthmother Interview
-
Ego Identity Interview (Grotevant & Cooper, 1981)
-
Health Checklist (Pennebaker, 1986)
-
Intimacy Interview (White, Speisman, Costos, Kelly, & Bartis, 1984)
-
Self-Perception Profile for Adults (Messer & Harter, 1986)
-
Twenty Statements Test (see above)
Wave 2: Adoptive Parent Measures
-
Adoptive Parent Interview
-
Agency Questionnaire
-
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI: Derogatis, 1993)
-
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL: Achenbach 1991a)
-
Demographic Questionnaire
-
Family Assessment Device (FAD: Espstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1985)
-
Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE: McCubbin, Patterson, & Wilson, 1981)
-
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R: Costa & McCrae, 1993)
-
Parenting Stress Inventory (see above)
-
Psychological Parenting Questionnaire (Henney, 1995)
Wave 2: Adopted Adolescent Measures
-
Adopted Adolescent Interview
-
Adopted Adolescent Interview: Identity Coding
-
Adolescent Interview: Discrete Coding
-
Adolescent Interview: Openness Coding
-
Adoption Dynamics Questionnaire (ADQ: Benson, Sharma, & Roehlkepartain, 1994)
-
Brief Symptom Inventory (see above)
-
Demographic Questionnaire
-
Family Assessment Device (see above)
-
Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire (PESQ: Winters, 1991)
-
Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA: Armsden & Greenberg, 1986)
-
Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991b)
Wave 2: Family Interaction Task
Both adoptive parents and the adopted target adolescent participated in a 20-minute audiotaped family interaction task, in which the family was told they have unlimited funds and 2 weeks to plan a vacation together. They are asked to decide where they would go and what they would do each day. This task was successfully used in the researcher’s earlier work (Family Process Project: Grotevant & Cooper, 1985, 1986) with a demographically-similar sample of non-adoptive families. Interactions were transcribed verbatim and coded for individuality and connectedness, using the Individuality and Connectedness Q-sort (Bengtson & Grotevant, 1999).
Wave 2: School Records
Adolescents and their parents were asked permission for us to contact the adolescents’ schools for their grades from as many years as possible, standardized test scores, class rank, and records concerning special education and gifted and talented programming. This information forms a unique longitudinal data set based on archival records rather than self report.
Wave 2: Birthmother Measures
-
Birthmother Interview and Demographic Questionnaire
-
Brief Symptom Inventory (see above)
-
Ego Identity Interview
-
ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olsen, 1993)
-
Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (see above)
-
Grief Experience Inventory-Loss Version (Sanders, Mauger, & Strong, 1985)
-
Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adults (Messer & Harter, 1987)
-
Health Checklist (see above)
-
Intimacy Interview
-
Life History Calendar (Freedman, Thorton, Camburn, Alwin, & Young-Demarco, 1986)
-
NEO Personality Inventory (see above)
-
Openness Checklist
-
Twenty Statements Test (see above)
Return to Top
 |
|
|
|
